The Sri Lankan Economy

The Sri Lankan Economy – A 2025 Overview

Sri Lanka’s economy has undergone a significant transformation over the past few years, shaped by internal challenges, global economic conditions, and efforts at structural reform. Once considered one of South Asia’s most promising economies, Sri Lanka faced a severe economic crisis starting in 2020, culminating in a default on its foreign debt in 2022—the first in its history. Since then, the country has been striving to stabilize and rebuild its economy through international support and domestic reforms.

Economic Crisis and Recovery Efforts

The roots of Sri Lanka’s economic crisis lie in a combination of high debt levels, a collapse in tourism (especially during the COVID-19 pandemic), declining foreign reserves, and poor fiscal management. By 2022, the country was grappling with soaring inflation, power outages, fuel shortages, and widespread public discontent. In response, the government sought assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), leading to a $3 billion bailout program approved in March 2023.

Since then, the country has begun a fragile recovery. Key components of the IMF program include fiscal consolidation, improving tax revenue, reducing public sector debt, and restructuring state-owned enterprises. The Central Bank of Sri Lanka has also tightened monetary policy to curb inflation and stabilize the rupee.

Current Economic Indicators

As of 2025, Sri Lanka’s GDP is showing modest signs of growth after contracting sharply in 2022. According to updated estimates, GDP growth is expected to reach around 2.5% in 2025, driven by recovering tourism, remittances from overseas workers, and improved agricultural output. Inflation, which peaked at over 70% in 2022, has gradually decreased to below 10%, though food and fuel prices remain high for many citizens.

Unemployment and underemployment are still pressing issues, especially among youth and rural populations. The informal sector continues to play a large role in employment, while formal job creation remains slow.

Key Sectors

• Agriculture: Agriculture remains a vital sector, employing a significant portion of the population. However, it suffers from inefficiencies, climate vulnerability, and limited access to modern technologies.

• Tourism: Tourism is gradually rebounding after the pandemic and political unrest. Sri Lanka’s natural beauty, wildlife, and cultural heritage attract international visitors, offering hope for foreign exchange earnings.

• Textiles and Garments: This sector is a major export earner, supplying to global markets. However, it faces stiff competition and rising input costs.

• Tea Industry: Known globally for its Ceylon tea, Sri Lanka’s tea exports have been affected by labor shortages and environmental challenges.

Future Outlook

Sri Lanka’s path to economic stability is still uncertain. While reforms are underway, political instability, public dissatisfaction, and global economic headwinds pose risks. Long-term recovery will depend on debt restructuring negotiations, continued IMF support, diversification of exports, investment in education and infrastructure, and political transparency.

In conclusion, while Sri Lanka has taken steps toward stabilizing its economy, significant challenges remain. Strong governance, consistent policy-making, and inclusive growth strategies will be critical for ensuring a sustainable and resilient economic future.

The history of Sri Lankan universities

 The history of Sri Lankan universities reflects the country’s intellectual and educational development from colonial times to the present. Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) has a long tradition of learning, dating back to ancient Buddhist monastic education. However, the modern university system began under British colonial rule and has since grown into a network of public and private institutions offering a wide range of academic programs.

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Ancient and Colonial Roots

Education in Sri Lanka has ancient roots, especially tied to Buddhist temples and monasteries like Mahavihara in Anuradhapura and Abhayagiri, which served as centers of learning for centuries. However, the modern higher education system was introduced during the British colonial period, influenced by the British university model.

In 1870, Ceylon Medical School was established, marking the beginning of modern tertiary education. It eventually became the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Ceylon. Over the next few decades, several professional colleges were established in fields such as law, agriculture, and engineering.

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University of Ceylon: The First University (1942)

The most significant milestone came in 1942, when the University of Ceylon was established in Colombo. This was the first full-fledged university in Sri Lanka, and it brought together various existing colleges under one umbrella. Sir Ivor Jennings, a British academic, was appointed the first Vice-Chancellor. The university was later shifted to Peradeniya in 1952, becoming the University of Ceylon, Peradeniya, the country’s first residential university modeled on Oxford and Cambridge.

The University of Ceylon had multiple campuses, and over time, they began to function more independently.

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Expansion and Diversification (1970s–1990s)

In 1972, under the University of Ceylon Act No. 1, all universities were merged into a single entity known as the University of Sri Lanka. However, this centralized model was short-lived and faced criticism for bureaucratic inefficiency. In 1978, the system was de-centralized again through the Universities Act No. 16, and several independent universities were established:

• University of Colombo

• University of Peradeniya

• University of Sri Jayewardenepura

• University of Kelaniya

• University of Moratuwa

• University of Jaffna

• University of Ruhuna

• Open University of Sri Lanka

This era also saw the development of technical and professional education, particularly in engineering, technology, and medicine.

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Modern Era: Growth, Challenges, and Reforms (2000s–Present)

In the 21st century, Sri Lanka’s university system has expanded significantly to meet growing demand. Today, there are 17 public universities governed by the University Grants Commission (UGC), which regulates and funds higher education institutions. Newer universities include:

• Wayamba University of Sri Lanka

• Uva Wellassa University

• Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka

• Eastern University of Sri Lanka

• South Eastern University of Sri Lanka

There is also a growing number of private institutions and foreign university branches, although public universities still dominate the landscape.

Modern universities in Sri Lanka face several challenges: limited resources, outdated curricula, graduate unemployment, and political interference. However, there are ongoing reforms to improve quality assurance, promote research, and encourage international collaboration.

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Conclusion

The history of Sri Lankan universities is a testament to the country’s enduring commitment to education. From ancient Buddhist learning centers to a modern university system, Sri Lanka has made significant strides in higher education. With further investment and reform, its universities are poised to play a crucial role in national development and global academic engagement. reflects the country’s intellectual and educational development from colonial times to the present. Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) has a long tradition of learning, dating back to ancient Buddhist monastic education. However, the modern university system began under British colonial rule and has since grown into a network of public and private institutions offering a wide range of academic programs.

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Ancient and Colonial Roots

Education in Sri Lanka has ancient roots, especially tied to Buddhist temples and monasteries like Mahavihara in Anuradhapura and Abhayagiri, which served as centers of learning for centuries. However, the modern higher education system was introduced during the British colonial period, influenced by the British university model.

In 1870, Ceylon Medical School was established, marking the beginning of modern tertiary education. It eventually became the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Ceylon. Over the next few decades, several professional colleges were established in fields such as law, agriculture, and engineering.

---

University of Ceylon: The First University (1942)

The most significant milestone came in 1942, when the University of Ceylon was established in Colombo. This was the first full-fledged university in Sri Lanka, and it brought together various existing colleges under one umbrella. Sir Ivor Jennings, a British academic, was appointed the first Vice-Chancellor. The university was later shifted to Peradeniya in 1952, becoming the University of Ceylon, Peradeniya, the country’s first residential university modeled on Oxford and Cambridge.

The University of Ceylon had multiple campuses, and over time, they began to function more independently.

---

Expansion and Diversification (1970s–1990s)

In 1972, under the University of Ceylon Act No. 1, all universities were merged into a single entity known as the University of Sri Lanka. However, this centralized model was short-lived and faced criticism for bureaucratic inefficiency. In 1978, the system was de-centralized again through the Universities Act No. 16, and several independent universities were established:

• University of Colombo

• University of Peradeniya

• University of Sri Jayewardenepura

• University of Kelaniya

• University of Moratuwa

• University of Jaffna

• University of Ruhuna

• Open University of Sri Lanka

This era also saw the development of technical and professional education, particularly in engineering, technology, and medicine.

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Modern Era: Growth, Challenges, and Reforms (2000s–Present)

In the 21st century, Sri Lanka’s university system has expanded significantly to meet growing demand. Today, there are 17 public universities governed by the University Grants Commission (UGC), which regulates and funds higher education institutions. Newer universities include:

• Wayamba University of Sri Lanka

• Uva Wellassa University

• Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka

• Eastern University of Sri Lanka

• South Eastern University of Sri Lanka

There is also a growing number of private institutions and foreign university branches, although public universities still dominate the landscape.

Modern universities in Sri Lanka face several challenges: limited resources, outdated curricula, graduate unemployment, and political interference. However, there are ongoing reforms to improve quality assurance, promote research, and encourage international collaboration.

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Conclusion

The history of Sri Lankan universities is a testament to the country’s enduring commitment to education. From ancient Buddhist learning centers to a modern university system, Sri Lanka has made significant strides in higher education. With further investment and reform, its universities are poised to play a crucial role in national development and global academic engagement.

The History of Sri lankan Athletics

The history of Sri Lankan athletics is a story of perseverance, passion, and progress. From modest beginnings during the colonial period to achieving global recognition in the modern era, athletics in Sri Lanka has grown steadily, producing athletes who have brought pride to the nation on the international stage.

Early Beginnings

Sri Lankan athletics began to take shape during the British colonial period. In the early 20th century, athletics was introduced to schools and military institutions, mainly influenced by British sports culture. Schools like Royal College, S. Thomas’ College, and Trinity College played a vital role in nurturing early athletic talent. During this period, competitions were mostly limited to school meets and military events.

In 1938, Ceylon (as Sri Lanka was then known) became affiliated with the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF), now known as World Athletics. This affiliation marked the beginning of international participation, allowing Sri Lankan athletes to compete in international competitions such as the British Empire Games (now the Commonwealth Games).

Post-Independence Growth

After gaining independence in 1948, Sri Lanka began to develop its own national identity in sports. The formation of the Athletics Association of Sri Lanka (AASL) in 1947 helped organize and standardize the sport across the country. The first major international milestone came in the 1950 British Empire Games in Auckland, where Duncan White won a silver medal in the 400m hurdles — the first ever for Sri Lanka at a major international athletics event. This achievement made him a national hero and inspired future generations.

Golden Era

The 1990s are often considered the golden era of Sri Lankan athletics. During this time, several athletes emerged as international contenders, especially in women's track events. The most notable among them is Susanthika Jayasinghe, who made history by winning a silver medal in the 200m at the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Originally awarded the bronze, her medal was upgraded to silver after Marion Jones was disqualified for doping. Susanthika remains the only female Olympic medalist from Sri Lanka and only the second Olympic medalist in the country’s history.

Other standout athletes from this period include Sugath Tillakaratne, a 400m sprinter who won a gold medal at the 1998 Asian Games and reached the finals in the 1999 World Championships, and Damayanthi Dharsha, who dominated Asian women’s sprinting with multiple gold medals in the Asian Games and Asian Athletics Championships.

Recent Developments

In recent years, Sri Lankan athletics has continued to evolve, although challenges such as limited infrastructure, funding, and international exposure have hampered progress. The country continues to produce promising young athletes in events like sprinting, hurdles, and javelin. Investments in youth programs, sports science, and international training opportunities are gradually helping to rebuild the country's competitive edge.

Conclusion

Sri Lanka’s athletics journey is marked by determination and national pride. From the early days of colonial school competitions to Olympic podiums, the country has produced athletes of remarkable talent. Though faced with challenges, Sri Lanka continues to nurture the spirit of athletics, striving for excellence on the Asian and world stages. With continued support and development, the future of Sri Lankan athletics holds promise for even greater achievements.

Major Rivers of Sri Lanka

 

Sri Lanka, an island nation located in the Indian Ocean, is endowed with a rich network of rivers that play a crucial role in the country’s ecology, agriculture, economy, and culture. The river systems in Sri Lanka originate mainly in the central highlands and flow outward towards the sea, nourishing the land and sustaining life throughout their journey. The rivers vary in size and length, with some of them being perennial while others are seasonal, depending largely on the monsoon rains.

Major Rivers of Sri Lanka

One of the most prominent rivers in Sri Lanka is the Mahaweli River, which is also the longest river in the country. It stretches approximately 335 kilometers and originates from the Hatton Plateau in the central highlands. The Mahaweli plays a critical role in irrigation and hydroelectric power generation. It feeds a series of reservoirs and provides water to large parts of the dry zone in the north-central and eastern provinces. The Mahaweli Development Project, one of the largest multi-purpose development schemes in the country, is centered around this river.

Another significant river is the Kelani River, which flows for about 145 kilometers. It begins in the central hills and flows westward, eventually entering the Indian Ocean near Colombo, the capital city. The Kelani River is vital for the water supply of Colombo and is also harnessed for hydroelectric power, with the notable Kelani Valley hydroelectric scheme utilizing its flow.

The Kalu Ganga, or Black River, is another important watercourse in the southwestern region of Sri Lanka. Originating in the Adam’s Peak mountain range, the river travels around 129 kilometers before reaching the sea at Kalutara. It is a lifeline for the agricultural lands in its basin and is especially known for its scenic beauty.

In the southern region, the Gin Ganga and Nilwala Ganga are two prominent rivers. The Gin Ganga flows through the Galle District, while the Nilwala River passes through Matara. These rivers are shorter in length compared to others but are crucial for local agriculture and flood control.

The Malwathu Oya, also known as the Aruvi Aru, flows through the ancient city of Anuradhapura and is deeply rooted in the country’s history. It supported early civilizations through irrigation systems like tanks and canals. Today, it continues to support paddy cultivation in the northern and north-central regions.

Other notable rivers include the Deduru Oya, Gal Oya, Menik Ganga, and Walawe Ganga, each contributing to the diverse ecological and economic tapestry of Sri Lanka.

Importance of Rivers

Rivers in Sri Lanka are not only sources of water but also serve as a foundation for agriculture, particularly the island’s extensive paddy fields. They support biodiversity, act as transport routes in rural areas, and are central to religious and cultural practices. Many rivers are associated with sacred sites, and rituals often take place on their banks.

In conclusion, the rivers of Sri Lanka are vital to the nation’s development and environmental health. Their continued preservation is essential for ensuring water security, supporting livelihoods, and maintaining the country’s natural heritage.

Camera shots ,angles and movement

 Camera Shots, Angles, and Camera Movement: A Guide to Cinematic Language In filmmaking and visual storytelling, camera shots, angles, and movements are essential tools that help convey emotion, emphasize narrative elements, and create visual rhythm. Understanding these elements allows directors and cinematographers to guide the audience’s perspective and emotional experience. Camera Shots Camera shots refer to how much of the subject and its surrounding environment is visible on screen. They are categorized by their framing and distance from the subject.

1. • Camera shots

     *Extreme Wide Shot (EWS): Often used as an establishing shot, it shows the subject from a great distance, providing context and setting.

     *Wide Shot (WS) or Long Shot: Shows the full subject, usually a person from head to toe, and some surrounding environment.

     *Medium Shot (MS): Frames the subject from the waist up. It’s commonly used in dialogues, balancing detail and background.

     *Close-Up (CU)  : Focuses on a subject’s face or an important object. It conveys emotion and detail.

     *Extreme Close-Up (ECU): Shows intense detail, like an eye or a hand, heightening tension or importance.

     *Over-the-Shoulder Shot (OTS): Often used in conversations, showing one character’s perspective over the shoulder of another.

     
     

     Camera Angles

     
     

     Camera angles affect how the audience perceives a subject by positioning the camera in relation to it.

     
     

     *High Angle: The camera looks down on the subject, making them appear small, weak, or vulnerable.

     *Low Angle: The camera looks up, giving the subject power, dominance, or intimidation.

     *Eye-Level: Neutral and realistic, mimicking how we naturally see people.

     *Dutch Angle (Tilted Shot): A slanted camera creates unease, tension, or disorientation.

     *Bird’s Eye View: Directly overhead, often used to show patterns, chaos, or a god-like perspective.

     *Worm’s Eye View: From below, even more extreme than a low angle, emphasizing scale and power.

     
     

     Camera Movement

     
     

     Camera movement adds dynamism, reveals information, and influences pacing and mood.

     
     

     Pan: A horizontal movement from a fixed position, often used to follow action or reveal scenery.

     * Tilt: Vertical movement from a fixed position, used to look up or down at a subject.

     * Dolly/Tracking Shot: The camera moves physically toward or away from the subject (dolly in/out) or alongside it (tracking), creating smooth motion and immersion.

     * Crane Shot: The camera moves vertically or in sweeping motions, often used for dramatic reveals or large-scale shots.

     * Handheld Shot: The camera is held by an operator, creating a shaky, raw, and immediate feel, often used in action or documentary-style scenes.

     * Steadicam: A stabilizing rig allows for smooth movement without the shakiness of handheld, used in long, uninterrupted takes.

     * Zoom: A lens-based effect that magnifies or reduces the subject, though less dynamic than a dolly.

     
     

     Each shot, angle, and movement serves a narrative or emotional function. Mastery of these cinematic tools enables filmmakers to craft compelling stories, direct viewer attention, and evoke specific reactions from audiences. Whether it’s the quiet intimacy of a close-up or the sweeping grandeur of a crane shot, these elements form the visual grammar of film.